Oil and Gas Refinery

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Oil and gas refinery (petroleum refinery) is an industrial process plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful petroleum  products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, jet fuel and fuel oils.
In various ways, in term of technology, oil refineries can be considered as types of chemical plants.  Conventional Oil refineries are typically large, sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units, such as distillation columns. Modular refinery is not as large as conventional oil refinery but it has same basic operational units.
Petroleum refineries are very large industrial complexes that entail many different processing units and auxiliary facilities such as utility units and storage tanks. Each refinery has its own unique arrangement and combination of refining processes largely determined by the refinery location, desired petroleum products and economic considerations.
The crude oil feedstock has normally been processed by an oil production plant. There is typically an oil depot at or near an oil refinery for the storage of incoming crude oil feedstock as well as bulk liquid products.
 Oil and gas refinery is regarded as a vital part of the downstream side of the petroleum industry.

Several modern petroleum refineries process as much as 800,000 to 900,000 barrels (127,000 

to 143,000 cubic meters) per day of crude oil.

   Processing  Operation
Often, raw or unprocessed crude oil is not usually useful in industrial applications, although "light, sweet" (low viscosity, low sulphur) crude oil has been used directly as a burner fuel to generate steam for the propulsion of seagoing vessels. The lighter elements, however, form explosive vapours in the fuel tanks and are therefore hazardous, especially in warships. Instead, many of different hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil are separated in a refinery into components which can be used as fuels, lubricants, and as feedstocks in petrochemical processes that manufacture such products as plastics, detergents, elastomers, solvents and fibers such as nylon and polyesters.
Also, Petroleum fossil fuels are burned in internal combustion engines to provide power for ships, automobiles, aircraft engines, lawn mowers, dirt bikes, and other machines.
Distillation is useful to separate hydrocarbons since they have different boiling points

Since the lighter liquid products are in great demand for use in internal combustion engines, a modern refinery will convert heavy hydrocarbons and lighter gaseous elements into these higher value petroleum products.

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